Integrated Navigation Test 1 Practice

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• What are Zero-Velocity Updates (ZUPTs) and how do they aid inertial navigation?
• How does increasing the number of satellites influence GNSS observability and solution accuracy?
• In navigation, what does guaranteed integrity refer to, and how is it tested?
• What is the purpose of radar?
• What does TX A (A) represent when displayed?
• ARPA equipment is mandatory for vessels built after which date?
• Which parameter determines the vertical spread of the beam (15-30 degrees)?
• Which of the following is NOT a magnetron construction part?
• Radar detects objects using which type of waves?
• What are the standard components of a GNSS measurement error model?
• What does the term 'mechanization' refer to in inertial navigation?
• Why are quaternions often preferred over Euler angles for attitude representation in navigation?
• What is a loosely coupled GNSS/INS integration approach?
• What describes the relationship between wavelength and frequency in radar theory?
• What does observability mean in a GNSS/INS Kalman filter, and why is it important?
• What are the two types of ARPA equipment?
• What time measurement is used on radar?
• What is the difference between coarse alignment and fine alignment of an INS?
• Why do pure INS solutions drift over time without GNSS updates?
• What is a primary purpose of radar in maritime navigation?
• Which statement about electromagnetic induction is historically significant?
• Why is ambiguity resolution important for carrier-phase GNSS measurements to achieve centimeter-level accuracy?
• Which measurements are typically used during the update step in an integrated navigation loop?
• What is an a priori covariance matrix and how does it affect filter convergence?
• What is significant about the year 1946?
• Which nonlinear estimation approach uses the unscented transform to propagate mean and covariance in INS/GNSS fusion?
• In the standard radar setup sequence Brilliance, Gain, Heading, Range, and Tuning, what is the third step?
• What is GNSS spoofing and how can integrated navigation mitigate risks?
• In an EKF for INS, what does bias estimation involve?
• In an EKF, what is the key reason for linearizing around the current estimate?
• What type of errors does patching address in INS/GNSS integration?
• Which acronym expands to Variable Range Marker?
• Which ARPA feature uses the past positions to estimate the track?
• Which filter is commonly used to fuse GNSS and INS measurements in navigation?
• What is dynamic weighting in a Kalman filter and why is it used in navigation?
• What is Rate Aiding?
• Weather or space weather affects GNSS performance by
• What does radar do?
• What is the purpose of resolving phase ambiguities in carrier-phase measurements?
• What does ARPA stand for?
• Which mathematical construct is used to perform coordinate conversion between NED and ENU frames?
• Which pair correctly represents the automatic and manual target acquisition capacities?
• List common GNSS error sources that should be modeled in an EKF.
• Which components are typically included in the strapdown INS state vector?
• What is clock bias in GNSS receivers?
• Horizontal Beam Width determines which of the following?
• What is the frequency of X-band (approximately 10 cm) used in radar systems?
• What is the formula for Radar Wavelength?
• How do you set your heading if it does NOT match the master gyro?
• What does Dilution of Precision (DOP) quantify in GNSS positioning?
• What are the 3 target acquisition types?
• What problem does cross-axis coupling refer to in an INS, and what causes it?
• What does a high DOP indicate about GNSS geometry?
• The ADC provides which measurements used to augment INS estimates?
• What is the purpose of a high-rate filter in integrated navigation?
• In navigation filtering, what does observability refer to?
• If automatic target acquisition is provided, how many targets can be acquired?
• What element does a pseudorange measurement include that enables estimation of receiver clock error?
• What is the role of SBAS corrections in tightly coupled GNSS/INS processing?
• What is a magnetron?
• What is carrier-phase ambiguity in GNSS and why is resolving it important?
• Which GNSS measurement types are typically fused in a tightly coupled GNSS/INS integration?
• In which year did the IMO mandate radar carriage for certain vessel classes?
• What is attitude in navigation, and what are common representations?
• Which vessels are required to carry ARPA equipment?
• What is smoothing?
• Compare the NED (north-east-down) and ENU (east-north-up) navigation frames and how to convert between them.
• Which statement correctly describes ENU and NED frames in navigation?
• What is the frequency of S-band (approximately 3 cm) used in radar systems?
• AIS stands for?
• Which sequence represents the standard radar setup order?
• How does multipath affect GNSS measurements, and what are typical mitigation strategies?
• How is the Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) frame defined?
• What does EM vector indicate?
• Why is alignment essential for the INS to provide accurate navigation?
• In a Kalman filter for navigation, what is the difference between process noise and measurement noise?
• Which ARPA feature allows continuous improvement of how the radar tracks a target by narrowing the tracking window as confidence grows?
• What distinguishes a strapdown INS from a gimbaled INS?
• What is the role of the initial covariance in navigation filtering?
• Which description matches smoothing in ARPA context?
• Which GNSS measurements are involved in tightly coupled integration?
• What is the typical state vector components for a GNSS/INS 3D navigation Kalman filter?
• Define Dilution of Precision (DOP) and explain its significance.
• What is a primary function of ARPA in navigation?
• ARPA stands for which system?
• What is bias instability in gyroscopes and accelerometers?
• Why is initial alignment performed with the platform stationary?
• What is the purpose of reinitialization when GNSS reacquires after an outage?
• Where is the TRANSMIT button located?
• How does GNSS outage affect integrated navigation?
• What is relative navigation used for in navigation systems?
• What are the three primary outputs produced by an inertial navigation system during mechanization?
• What is the purpose of propagating the covariance in the prediction step?
• In the context of INS/GNSS integration, what is the difference between absolute navigation and relative navigation?
• Is ARPA STCW class renewal required?
• In INS/GNSS integration, what best differentiates loosely coupled from tightly coupled configurations?
• How do GPS time and UTC relate, and what role do leap seconds play?
• Vertical Beam Width does what on a radar system?
• What is multipath in GNSS signals?
• Describe the role of the WGS-84 gravity model in INS calculations.
• Carrier-phase ambiguities are resolved in GNSS by
• Which coordinate frames are commonly used in integrated navigation and how are they related?
• What are Side Lobes?
• Which statement best describes GNSS pseudorange measurement and its relation to the receiver clock error?
• Which statement correctly describes the locations of TRANSMIT and STANDBY controls?
• How does a Kalman filter handle nonlinearity in INS/GNSS fusion?
• Using the radar wavelength formula, what is the wavelength for S-band with a frequency of 3,070 MHz?
• Which method handles nonlinear dynamics by linearizing around the current state in INS/GNSS fusion?
• Which acronym expands to Automatic Identification System?
• CPA stands for?
• Which statistic indicates a systematic error in a navigation estimate?
• What is the purpose of accelerometer and gyroscope alignment in an INS, and what errors arise from misalignment?
• How are navigation performance metrics like position accuracy and heading accuracy evaluated?
• In the INS navigation equations, velocity update relies on what?
• What is tropospheric delay and how does it impact GNSS measurements?
• What is the radar range formula for target range, R?
• What is the only point that can be moved?
• What is the purpose of sensor fusion in an integrated navigation system?
• What point do you pivot on in your vector triangle?
• In tightly coupled GNSS/INS, what measurements feed the filter?
• Rate Aiding refers to what ARPA capability?
• What is Main Beam (Main Lobe) in radar terminology?
• In a Kalman filter, a 'fusing weight' refers to
• Sensor bias drift is a slow-varying offset in sensor output; how is it estimated?
• What does VRM stand for?
• What is coning error in gyroscopes and how does it affect attitude estimates?
• In what year was the cavity magnetron developed?
• Which component of the GNSS/INS filter state is used to model slowly varying sensor biases?
• When is something considered a 'lost target'?
• What is an EKF in navigation, and why is it used?
• Which statement about ARPA and RADAR integration is true?
• How do inertial sensor biases affect INS accuracy over time?
• Which GNSS error source is caused by the ionosphere affecting signal speed and thus delaying the signal?
• What is velocity-aiding in INS/GNSS fusion?
• Common methods for fusing GNSS with INS in real time include
• What is an a priori navigation solution and how is it used in filtering?
• What is significant about the year 1904?
• In navigation processing, what is an epoch and why is timing consistency important across sensors?
• What role do accelerometer biases play in velocity estimation?
• How does Earth rotation influence the INS velocity update through Coriolis terms?
• What does the RM vector stand for?
• Which gravity model is an example used for high precision navigation?
• Explain the difference between earth-fixed and local-level (navigation) frames.
• What is an accelerometer bias and why is it important in INS error modeling?
• Which statement describes how loosely coupled GNSS/INS integration handles outages?
• What is the typical order of operations in an integrated navigation loop?
• Which point is the only movable point?
• Who patented the first radar-like device for ship detection in 1904?
• How does a tightly coupled system behave during partial GNSS outages?
• Which ARPA equipment configuration consists of Stand Alone and Integral?
• What is 'patching' in integrated navigation?
• How do ionospheric delays affect GNSS pseudorange measurements, and how are they mitigated?
• Where is the STANDBY button located?
• What does the EM vector stand for?
• What is the practical effect of resolving carrier-phase ambiguities in GNSS?
• In a loosely coupled GNSS/INS system, which GNSS measurements are used as updates to the INS filter?
• Which acronym expands to Electronic Bearing Line?
• Differentiate between 'navigation frame' and 'body frame' in aircraft INS.
• What defines an integral ARPA?
• What role does the Air Data Computer (ADC) play in integrated navigation?
• What does PCP or PPC refer to in navigation?
• What is the speed of radio waves in vacuum?
• Distinguish gyroscope bias from gyroscope drift in INS.
• Explain the term 'cycle slip' in carrier-phase GNSS signals.
• Describe a typical fault detection and exclusion (FDE) approach in integrated navigation.
• Dual-frequency methods are used to mitigate which type of delay in GNSS processing?
• PAD is an acronym used in radar navigation. What does PAD stand for?
• What range scale is appropriate?
• Which is the automatic target acquisition capacity?
• What is a tracking gate?
• What does the ER vector stand for?
• Within what time frame should ARPA present an object's predicted motion?
• Which vessel was the first to receive the FCC Radar License No.001 in 1946?
• What information does the Doppler measurement provide in GNSS/INS integration?
• What is the Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system used for in GNSS navigation?
• How long does it take for the radar to warm up?
• Why is precise time synchronization essential in GNSS/INS integration?
• Which statements describe the common coordinate frame transforms and rotation conventions used in navigation?
• What is the LAMBDA method used for in GNSS, and what problem does it solve?
• What is significant about the year 1831?
• What factors determine GNSS geometry quality?
• An 'observer' in navigation algorithm context is
• In the radar range equation, what does R represent?
• How quickly should the ARPA present a motion trend?
• What is the purpose of a gravity model in navigation?
• What are the three main components of an integrated navigation system?
• Pause alignment is performed during stationary conditions because
• How does multipath affect GNSS measurements?
• What is Kalman filter state update and measurement update in brief?
• What is the geoid and why does height reference matter in navigation?
• What is the impact of a GNSS carrier-phase cycle slip on data processing?
• If two targets respond within the same tracking gate at the same time, what phenomenon is likely?
• How is a typical IMU noise model described in navigation filtering?
• What is Steady State Tracking?
• EBL stands for?
• In a 3D INS/GNSS EKF, what components are typically included in the state vector?
• Which is the manual target acquisition capacity?
• An integrated navigation system with GNSS and INS offers what main benefit over using either alone?
• Which statement best differentiates RTK and PPP in GNSS positioning?
• Explain the Kalman Filter gain and its role in balancing model prediction against measurements.
• Explain what Doppler shift provides in GNSS navigation.
• If the frequency of radar waves doubles, what happens to the wavelength?
• What is Earth rotation compensation (Sagnac effect) in GNSS?
• Which option lists the magnetron construction parts?
• GNSS Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) is primarily used for
• Dead-reckoning in integrated navigation refers to
• Under what condition are Zero-Velocity Updates (ZUPTs) applied in inertial navigation?
• What are the fundamental navigation equations in the navigation frame for INS?
• What is the effect of sub-millisecond timing differences between INS and GNSS on the solution?
• How do EKF and UKF differ in INS/GNSS fusion?
• What are typical error sources for a MEMS gyro in navigation?
• How do you set the speed input?
• What mathematical construct is used to transform vectors between body frame and navigation frame?
• In GNSS/INS integration, how do loosely coupled and tightly coupled architectures differ?
• What is a lever arm in an integrated navigation system and how is it accounted for?
• Alignment bias estimation improves navigation by
• If manual target acquisition is provided, how many targets can be acquired?
• In ARPA, the term for the area the processor uses to search for the target during data processing is called
• Which hardware feature is commonly used to reduce multipath effects in GNSS receivers?
• What is a carrier-phase GNSS measurement and why is it valuable for high-accuracy positioning?
• What is a key advantage of a tightly coupled GNSS/INS fusion compared to a loosely coupled approach?
• In strapdown INS, gravity is included in the state vector if modeled to account for its effect on accelerometer measurements.
• Which vector represents the relative motion between your ship and another vessel?
• Target Swop occurs under which condition?
• What does signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) represent in GNSS signals, and what is its effect on positioning?
• In GNSS, a carrier-phase ambiguity is defined as
• Vessels constructed after what date must be equipped with an ARPA?
• How is gravity modeled in low-cost navigation calculations?
• How does a GNSS carrier Doppler measurement contribute to velocity estimation?
• Which GNSS observation is typically most precise for range measurements when ambiguities are resolved?
• Why is a lever-arm correction between the GNSS antenna and the INS origin important?
• Which frames are commonly used in navigation equations?
• What is the primary objective of multi-sensor fusion in integrated navigation?
• Using the radar wavelength formula, what is the wavelength for X-band with a frequency of 9,375 MHz?
• What is the typical range scale?
• What is GNSS pseudorange and what factors affect it?
• What does leveling mean in attitude reference frames and why is it important?